When women should abstain from coitus
Even though some couples may remain sexually active throughout the pregnancy, according to Coppens (2002) and Polomeno (2000) they should be advised to avoid the coitus if there is:
- history of miscarriages
- rupture of membrane (which increases likelihood of infection)
- bleeding or staining (may indicate placenta praevia or abrupting placenta)
- persistent pain during intercourse
- history of premature labour
- symphyseal separation.
However, a long period of abstinence may be difficult for a couple and may lead to estranging of the partners. Even though coitus may not be possible, both emotional and physical closeness may be very much wanted and needed. Therefore, other means of closeness may be suggested to the couple such as kissing, cuddling and hugging (Coppens, 2002).